History of freight forwarding by Trucks

In Australia road trains replace rail transport for goods on routes throughout the center of the country. B-doubles B-train and Semi-trailers are used in urban areas because of their smaller size. Low-loader or flat-bed trailers are used to haul containers in intermodal transport. Truck drivers operate either independently working directly for the client or through freight carriers or shipping agents. Some big companies (e.g. store chains) operate their own internal trucking operations.

In the U.S. many truckers own their truck, and are known as owner-operators. Some road transportation is done on regular routes or for only one consignee per run, while others transport goods from many different loading stations/shippers to various consignees. On some long runs only cargo for one lag of the route is known when the cargo is loaded. U.S. long run truckers may wait at the point of destination for a return cargo.

A Bill of Lading issued by the shipper provides the basic document for road freight. On cross-border transportation the trucker will present the cargo and documentation provided by the shipper to customs for inspection. This also applies to shipments that are transported out of a Free port.

To avoid accidents caused by fatigue, truckers have to keep to strict rules for drivetime and required rest periods. Known in the U.S. as hours of service, and in the E.U. as drivers working hours. Tachographs record the times the vehicle is in motion and stopped. Some companies use two drivers per truck to ensure uninterrupted transportation; with one driver resting or sleeping in a bunk in the back of the cab while the other is driving.

For transport of hazardous materials truckers need a licence, which usually requires them to pass an exam. They have to make sure they affix proper labels for the respective hazard(s) to their vehicle. Liquid goods are transported by road in tank trucks or tanker lorries or special tankcontainers for intermodal transport. For unpackaged goods and liquids weigh stations confirm weight after loading and before delivery. For transportion of live animals special requirements have to be met in many countries to prevent cruelty to animals. For fresh and frozen goods refrigerator trucks or reefer containers are used.

Truck drivers often need special licenses to drive, known in the U.S. as a commercial driver's license. In the U.K. a Large Goods Vehicle license is required.

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